Employers Organisations and the State in Nigeria - Free Essay Example

AN EXAMINATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMPLOYERS’ ORGANIZATIONS AND THE STATE IN NIGERIA BY ANYIAM, IJEOMA LUCRETIA DECEMBER 2009 INTRODUCTION According to J. T. Dunlop (1958), an industrial relations system is comprised of the following actors: * A hierarchy of managers and their representatives in supervision (or employers and their associations) * A hierarchy of workers and any spokesmen (the workers and their unions), and * Specialized government agencies (or the state) concerned with workers, employers and their relationships. Employer’s Organizations Employer’s organizations as one of the participants in industrial relations developed quite late in Nigeria, in comparison with the workers’ unions. According to Yesufu (1962), in 1954, there were only 8 employers’ organizations in Nigeria dealing manly with regulating trade practices and services rather than collective bargaining and negotiations. This slow development were largely as a result of the slow growth of industries then, the failure of trade unions to galvanise the employers to relate seriously with them, and the government policies that were not encouraging. Although the Trade Union Act of 1973 defined a trade union as ‘a combination of workers or employers’, it was actually the 1978 Trade Union (Amendment) Act, which galvanised them into action by actually recognizing 9 employers’ organization for purposes of relating with workers and the state in industrial matters. One of the major reasons for formation and recognition of employers’ organizations is for them to have a common platform for containing trade nions, maintaining good industrial relations by educating members on the benefits of good employer-employee relations, designing and formulating policies relating to wages and salary administration, and influencing public policy. The most notable employers’ organizations in Nigeria today include: * The Nigeria Employers’ Consultative Association (NECA) * The Manufacturers’ Association of Nigeria (MAN) The Nigeria Association of Chambers of Commerce, Industry, Mines and Agriculture (NACCIMA) * The Association of Food, Beverages and Tobacco Employers (AFBTE) * Road Transport Employers Association of Nigeria (RTEAN) NECA relates with the state on the following issues: * On industrial relations matters, to ensure peaceful industrial relations climate * Representation of Nigeria at the International Labour Organisation * It sometimes opposes government laws that would likely negatively affect its members * Provision of suggestions to the state on economic reforms e. . pensions and minimum wage * Serves on various committees, boards and agencies of the state NACCIMA relates with the state as follows: * Specifically on trading and commercial matters * Advises the state on matters affecting the general economy and business * Promotion of commercial and economic cooperation between Nigeria and the international business community * Serves on state boards and agencies MAN relates with the State in the following areas: * Production and manufacturing matters Monetary policies such as pressures for reduction of loan interest rates * Fiscal policies geared toward reduction of prohibitive taxes and import duties * Policy advocacy aimed at protection of small and infant industries * Representation on state boards e. g. Corporate Affairs Commission, NEPZA, etc THE STATE The state is both an employer and the institution that makes laws to regulate the activities of everyone else in the industrial system. As the third actor in industrial relations, and for national interest, the state regulates the relationships in the industry. The state also makes directive principles and state policies indicative of the obligations and responsibilities that the state should keep in focus while enacting laws and formulating policies, and these include: i) To fix certain social and economic goals for immediate attainment ii) To bring about a non-violent socio-economic revolution iii) To fulfil the basic need of the common citizen, etc There are also fundamental objectives of State which are economic, social, educational, ethical, environmental, and cultural. Some of the fundamental economic and social objectives of the Nigerian state include the following: a) To harness the resources of the nation and promote national prosperity and an efficient, dynamic and self rel iant economy; b) To ensure that suitable and adequate shelter, suitable and adequate food, reasonable national minimum living wage, old age care and pensions, and unemployment, sick benefits and welfare of the disabled are provided for all citizens; c) To review from time to time, the ownership and control of business enterprises operating in Nigeria and make recommendations to the President on same; d) To ensure that all citizens without discrimination on any group whatsoever, have the opportunity for securing adequate means of livelihood as well as adequate opportunity to secure suitable employment; e) To ensure that conditions of work are just and humane, and that there are adequate facilities for leisure and for social, religious and cultural life; f) To ensure that health, safety and welfare of all persons in employment are safeguarded and not endangered or abused; g) To ensure that there adequate medical and health facilities for all persons; h) To ensure that there is equal p ay for equal work without discrimination on account of sex, or on any other ground whatsoever; i) To ensure that children, young persons and the aged are protected against any exploitation whatsoever, and against moral and material neglect; etc. In its bid to accomplish the above stated objectives, the state passes laws and establishes institutions and agencies for the regulation of above and other objectives. These include: * The Trade Disputes Act * Trade Union Act * Labour Act * Minimum Wage Act * Pensions Act * Workmen’s’ Compensation Act * Productivity, Prices and Incomes Board * The National Directorate of Employment * National Pension Commission * The National Health Insurance Scheme * The National Provident Fund Management Board * National Labour Advisory Council * National Industrial Safety Council * National Manpower Board * National Council of the West African Examination Council * Nigerian Council for Management Development National Advisory Committee on th e Employment of Graduates and Professional Manpower * National Youth Service Corps Directorate * National Committee on Women and Development * ILO Committee of Experts on Social Security Relationship between Employers’ Organisations and the State The State and Employers’ organizations have a very good relationship in comparison with the role of state and the workers’ union. The areas where the relationship between the two is very visible include: Industrial Relations: The role of state in industrial relations (as the third actor) is supposed to be that of an unbiased umpire, however, it favours the employers more than the workers. State is usually dedicated to the protection of private property and minimizing disruptions to production and seeking the elimination of ‘threats’ to investments and investors, and to ‘ensure a buoyant economy’. The state cannot afford to be neutral in industrial matters, but can only favour employers’ associations for the attainment of these objectives. According to Edwards (1986) the state regulates relationship between employers and workers by determining the conditions on which labour power may be sold, and how the labour power is used by providing for compulsory union recognition and collective bargaining as a means of constraining management’s freedom to discipline workers. Legislations: Its two interests: employer and regulator do sometimes conflict and influence the kind of laws passed to regulate the three actors in industrial relations. It must be noted that most laws are geared to the protection of private property and favours management and investors. Health Safety at work: The state attempts to establish health and safety standards at the workplace (physical work space, lighting, noise levels, protective clothing, etc); To create ‘a favourable climate for investments’ by lowering corporate and production taxes, engage in periodic downward review o f import tariffs, keep a lid on wages and salaries, etc. Dispute Resolution: In its mediating role in conflict situations, the state is also biased toward the employers. It usually sets the limits within which the institutions and processes for mediation, conciliation and arbitration operates. When workers protest against some unilateral decision of employers, the state through legislation places conditions to be met, including balloting before going on strike. Political restrictions: State also passes legislation preventing unions from using their funds for political purposes, yet there is no corresponding stipulation for the employer. Representation/collaboration: The employers’ organizations are often represented in the above institutions and agencies of state listed above. Conclusion: From the above, it can be safely said that the state and employers’ organizations enjoy a symbiotic relationship, because according to Karl Marx and Engels as per Hyman (1975),  "the executive of the modern state is but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie†. While employers assist the state through payment of various forms of taxes and levies which keep the affairs of state running, the state protects the interests of the employers by creating and ensuring enabling and conducive environment to enable employers continue in business. References: Chris Obisi (2005): Substance of Employee Industrial and Labour Relations Yesufu T. M. (1981): The dynamics of Industrial Relations: the Nigerian experience Dafe Otobo (2000): Industrial Relations, theory and controversies.

The Medical And Social Model Essay - 1093 Words

This essay will examine the Medical and Social model and the factors that relate both models to equality and diversity. Furthermore, the essay will provide evidence on how these models could have an impact on a professional role. A model is a way of representing an idea which can be shown through types of expression. These being graphically, verbally and symbolically. The two main models associated with disability is the Medical and Social models. The authors Johnston Nahmad-Williams describe the models of disability as â€Å"The way we view the issues of including individuals with special needs or disabilities in schools and in society is underpinned by two main models, the ‘medical model’ and the ‘social model’, and their associated discourses.† Johnston,J, Nahmad-Williams, L. ( 2014). The website Edacuk describes Equality as being fair and equal to every member of society. â€Å"Equality is ensuring individuals or groups of individuals are treated fairly and equally and no less favourably, specific to their needs.† (Edacuk, 2015). Equality is giving every member of society an equal right to do as they would like within reason. In order to obtain equality every member of society should be treated to their individual needs. Diversity firstly shows that every individual person is different and secondly it shows that we should embrace the diverse individual nature of one another. Within the book Diversity and Complexity, Page describes Diversity as being a wonderous subject. â€Å"TheShow MoreRelatedSocial Model And The Medical Model1577 Words   |  7 PagesIn today s society two models dominate, the social model and the medical model. Both are used to label those who have impairments. 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Hip Hop A Cultural And Artistic Phenomenon - 868 Words

Over the past years, According to Aldridge Derrick Hip Hop has developed as a cultural and artistic phenomenon affecting youth culture around the world. For many youth, Hip Hop reflects the social, economic, political and cultural realities and conditions of their lives, speaking to them in a language and manner they understand. Defining the Hip Hop trend is not an easy task, trends are in essence very complex mechanisms that mirror changes in the economic and political landscapes. The Hip-Hop new trends, is a trend that isn’t genuinely taken as serious as it should be. This trend is very important but is only look at as the African American way to be free. People only think this trend isn’t important because it only focus on one race. It was once said that African American use Hip-Hop as their news. When it comes to the Hip-Hop news trend there are a lot of issues that are not talked about. Hip Hop must be taken seriously as a cultural political, economic and intellectual phenomenon deserving scholarly study, similar to previous African American artistic and cultural. Let’s start off with one of the main issue that is the most important police brutality. Police brutality is a crime that has been surfacing the news recently. Some people are just now realizing that these injustices against the black community really occur, while other are well aware. However, the injustice towards the African Americans mainly target black males. According to Akilanh Thomas statisticsShow MoreRelated A Violent Message in the Art of Popular Culture Essay1679 Words   |  7 PagesPresently, music in popular culture is defined as something real and tangible that generates the essence of culture or ethnicity. This paper will concentrate on rap and hip hop because many people confuse the music with the culture. People embrace the music, but defend the culture as being influenced by the music. 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Traveling free essay sample

Every day hundreds of people travel from one place to another. They travel to work, to school, or on business. Many people travel for pleasure and traveling has recently become one of the most popular hobbies. Traveling is also an interesting way of spending holidays. In every season of the year the airports, railway stations, seaports, and bus stops are full of people traveling for long or short distances. PLANE When people travel a long distance they usually travel by air. Travelling by air is exciting, fast, comfortable, relatively safe but rather expensive. In the 20th century it became one of the most important means of transport. It takes nearly 6 hours by plane to get from the western to the eastern coast of the U. S. A. There are several American Airlines, all of them private. They include the most popular and biggest airline companies such as the Pan American, Delta When people choose to travel by plane they usually go or phone to the airlines or travel agency to get information about flights. We will write a custom essay sample on Traveling or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page At the airport the passengers traveling with international or intercontinental airlines have to show their flight tickets and passports. An official weight their luggage can take only 20 kg. The passengers must also go through the customs. Then the passengers can go to the waiting room. In the plane the stewardess shows them their seats. Before the aircraft moves, the notices flash up „Fasten Your Safety Belts† and „No Smoking†. During the flight the stewardess offers the passengers some meals, drinks, cigarettes and sweets. The passengers can also read magazines. TRAIN Traveling by train is the most common form of travelling. In our country trains are used daily by many people to and from work or school. They are cheap, less polluting, safe but not very clean and comfortable. Fast trains are more comfortable for longer distances. They do not stop at every station. There are also a sleeping car and the dinning car in fast trains. Coaches are buses for long distance travelling. They are fast, comfortable and the prices of tickets are quit reasonable. During holidays the travel agencies offer many coach trips to the mountains or seaside resorts. CAR Many people sat, that car is the most comfortable mean of travelling and seeing places. Others think it is just a necessity because it is quicker than public transport. But for many people motoring is a pleasure. They enjoy driving a car at a high speed and do not think of the dangers of fast driving. The cars are comfortable and quick, but they are not safe and are rather expensive. In spite of that the number of cars on our roads and highways grows higher and higher every year. The growing number of cars is a danger not only for people but also for environment of the country. BIKE Many young people of all countries of the world like travelling by bike. Some go to school by bike; others prefer cycling as a sport or a hobby. In recent years many young people go for holiday trips by bike which is healthy and exciting. This type of travelling depend much on weather and therefore summer is the best season for cycling tours.

The Endocrine Regulation of Calcium Balance an Example of the Topic Education and science by

The Endocrine Regulation of Calcium Balance Definition of terms in this essay Need essay sample on "The Endocrine Regulation of Calcium Balance" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Calcium balance deals with the regulation of a bodys calcium levels in order to maintain homeostasis. A disruption of this process results in either hypo- or hypercalcemia. Teleost fishes are fishes belonging to teleostei. These bony fishes have movable jaws. This makes them able to extend their mouth while preying. They also have symmetrical or homocercal tails. Amphibians are vertebrate animals that are ectothermic, non amniotic and that respire through their skin. They are usually aquatic during their larval stage but become terrestrial during adulthood. The endocrine system is a system theat deals with the use of hormones produced by glands in the regulation of bodily functions and processes. Endocrine regulation of calcium balance There are several hormones that take part in the endocrine regulation of calcium balance. However, due to morphological differences, the endocrine process of regulating calcium is different between amphibians and teleost fishes. Hypercalcaemic hormones Hypercalcaemic hormones are hormones that increase the calcium levels in the plasma by liberating those in the bone. Parathyroid glands can be found in most amphibians; especially with the anurans. The parathyroid hormone found in amphibians is usually hypercalcaemic, Studies have shown that parathyroid hormone liberates Calcium ions from the bone, increasing the calcium levels in the blood. (YOSHIDA & R. V.TALMAGE, 1962) The removal of the parathyroid gland (Parathyroidectomy) results in a significant decrease of blood calcium levels. Parathyroid hormone works by increasing the production of osteoclases, which are the cause of mobilization bone calcium. (STIFFLER, 1993) Teleost fish lack parathyroid glands. It has been found out however that the pituitary glands of fishes make up for the loss of the parathyroid hormone by excreting other hypercalcaemic hormones like Prolactin (PRL) and Somalactin (SL). (KANEKO & HIRANO, 1993)The removal of the pituitary gland induces hypocacaemia in fishes. (PANG, K.SCHREIBMAN, M. P., & YOGURO, 1975) The use of mammalin Prolactin increased the calcium level of calcium deficient killifish whose pituitary has been removed. (WENDELAAR BONGA & PANG, 1989)Studies in eels have determined that prolactin secretion does not depend on ambient calium levels but on the osmolality or sodium levels of the environment(SUZUKI, KANEKO, & HIRANO, 1991).Prolactin also has the same effect in aquatic amphibians. In fact, aquatic amphibians may rely more on porlactin than o the parathyroid hormone as evidenced by the lack of the parathyroid gland in urodeles. Somalactin is another pituitary hormone that closely resembles the structure of the growth hormobne as well as prolactin. The glycosylation status of SLs reflects the presence or absence of periodic acidSchiff (PAS)-positive cells of the pars intermedia (PIPAS cells) in the pituitary. This means that PIPAS cells canm be used as indicators in measuring the effect of somalactin. However, studies that have measured the hyperglycaemic properties of PIPAS cells are inconclusive as the relation with somalactin is indirect. (KANEKO & HIRANO, 1993) Hypocalcaemic hormones Hypocalcamic hormones are the inverse of hypercalcaemic ones, they lower calcium levels by inducing storage into the bones. The main hypoglycaemic hormone in amphibians is Calcitonin. It is produced in the ultimobranchial glands of the amphibian. It is the main hypoglycaemic hormone in mammals and other vertebrates. In amphibians, studies involving the removal of the ultimobranchial branch show that it leads to an increase in calcium levels while the subsequent application of calcitonin extracts significantly lowers the blood calcium content. (STIFFLER, 1993) Calcitonin is also secreted by fishes from their own ultimobranchial body. However, incestigations unto the hypocalcaemic properties of calcitonin in fishes have failed to produce tangible and unequivocal results. The known hypocalcaemic hormone in fishes is those produced by the corpuscles of Stannius. They are unique to teleostean and holostean fishes. Studies have shown that their removal induces hypercalcaemia. (FONTAINE, 1964)The main substance produced by the corpuscles, stanniocalcin, is regarded as the primary hypocalcaemic hormone in fishes. (WENDELAAR BONGA & PANG, 1991) References FONTAINE, M. (1964). Corpuscles de Stannius et rgulation ionique (Ca, K, Na) du milieu intrieur de languille (Anguilla anguilla L.). C. R. hebd. Sanc. Acad. Sci.(259), 875-878. PANG, P. K. T., K.SCHREIBMAN, R., M. P., S., & YOGURO, C. (1975). Effects of parathyroidectomy on calcium and sodium concentrations of serum and coelomic fluid in bullfrog tadpoles. J. exp. Zool., 192, 293-298. STIFFLER, D. F. (1993). AMPHIBIAN CALCIUM METABOLISM. California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA 91768, USA. SUZUKI, R., KANEKO, T., 153. WENDELAAR BONGA, S. E., & PANG, P. K. T. (1989). Pituitary hormones. In Vertebrate Endocrinology: Fundamentals and Biochemical Implications (Vol. 3): San Diego: Academic Press. WENDELAAR BONGA, S. E., 213. YOSHIDA, R., 557.

Profile of Panama for Spanish Students

Profile of Panama for Spanish Students Introduction: Panama historically has had closer ties with the United States than any country in Latin America other than Mexico. The country is known best, of course, for the Panama Canal, which the United States built for both military and trade purposes at the start of the 20th century. The United States maintained sovereignty over parts of Panama until 1999. Vital Statistics: Panama covers an area of 78,200 square kilometers. It had a population of 3 million at the end of 2003 and a growth rate of 1.36 percent (July 2003 estimate). The life expectancy at birth is 72 years. The literacy rate is about 93 percent. The countrys gross domestic product is about $6,000 per person, and a little more than a third of the people live in poverty. The unemployment rate was 16 percent in 2002. Main industries are the Panama Canal and international banking. Linguistic Highlights: Spanish is the official language. About 14 percent speak a creole form of English, and many residents are bilingual in Spanish and English. About 7 percent speak indigenous languages, the largest of them being Ngberre. There are also pockets of Arabic and Chinese speakers. Studying Spanish in Panama: Panama has several small language schools, most of them in Panama City. Most of the schools offer home stays, and costs tend to be low. Tourist Attractions: The Panama Canal is on most visitors must-see list, but those coming for extended stays can find a wide variety of destinations. They include beaches on both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, Darien National Park and cosmopolitan Panama City. Trivia: Panama was the first Latin American country to adopt the U.S. currency as its own. Technically, the balboa is the official currency, but U.S. bills are used for paper money. Panamanian coins are used, however. History: Before the Spanish arrived, what is now Panama was populated by 500,000 or more people from dozens of groups. The largest group was the Cuna, whose earliest origins are unknown. Other major groups included the Guaymà ­ and the Chocà ³. The first Spaniard in the area was Rodrigo de Bastidas, who explored the Atlantic coast in 1501. Christopher Columbus visited in 1502. Both conquest and disease reduced the indigenous population. In 1821 the area was a province of Colombia when Colombia declared its independence from Spain. Building a canal across Panama had been considered as early as the mid 16th century, and in 1880 the French tried - but the attempt ended in the death of some 22,000 workers from yellow fever and malaria. Panamanian revolutionaries secured Panamas independence from Colombia in 1903 with military support from the United States, which quickly negotiated the rights to build a canal and exercise sovereignty over land on both sides. The U.S. started construction of the canal in 1904 and finished the greatest engineering achievement of its time  in 10 years. Relations between the U.S. and Panama in coming decades were strained, largely due to popular Panamanian bitterness over the prominent role of the U.S. In 1977, despite controversies and political snags in both the U.S. and Panama, the countries negotiated an agreement turning over the canal to Panama at the end of the 20th century. In 1989, U.S. President George H.W. Bush sent U.S. troops to Panama to oust and capture Panamanian President Manuel Noriega. He was forcefully brought to the United States, put on trial for drug trafficking and other crimes, and imprisoned.   The treaty turning over the canal was not fully accepted by many political conservatives in the United States. When a ceremony was held in Panama in 1999 to formally turn over the canal, no senior U.S. officials attended.

Issue 4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Issue 4 - Assignment Example Robert Ramsey, an author, illustrates that embracing the religious perspectives of employees, can result to the never ending unnecessary requests by employees that results to decreased productivity and profitability. The author stresses that business organizations should always keep their interests and objectives top priority, without diverging to non-core activities like allowing employees to wear faith symbols (Susan, 2012). The current workplace is greatly diversified, mainly due to the concept of globalization. This illustrates rich mosaic or integration of staffs from very different religious affiliations. Majority of the multinationals have employees who are Buddhists, Muslims, Jews, Christians and Hindus. International employment laws existing currently prohibit religious discrimination at the employment place. A major workplace dilemma for human resource managers presently is if employees should be given the chance to religious and other external symbols (Rao, 2013). The Society of Human Resource Management (SHRM) during 2008 explained that 64% of the companies under study have diverse religious workforce. This shows that a great number of employees are religiously diverse, due to immigrants from different world faiths. Demographic experts illustrate that people and hence employees from other faiths like Buddhists, Islam and Hindus, continuously increase with a likely effect of turning the protest ant faith look like the minority. Supporters of the workplace faith diversity explain that it is unfair for managers to expect the employees to ignore religious expressions and values during work. Organizations can effectively accept the diversity and ethnicity of their staffs, through adequate acknowledgement and understanding of their faith. Majority of the leading multinationals have adopted religion-friendly methods of operation. Companies like Ford Motors and also Coca Cola have given employees